HyperText Markup Language (HTML) - is the most basic building block of the Web. It defines the meaning and structure of web content. Other technologies besides HTML are generally used to describe the web page's appearance or presentation (such as CSS or JavaScript).

"Hypertext" refers to the links that connect web pages to one another, either within a single website or between websites. Links are a fundamental aspect of the Web. By uploading content to the Internet and linking it to pages created by other people, you become an active participant in the World Wide Web.

Source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML

• HTML5.org - https://html5.org
• W3.org (Editor's Draft) - https://html.spec.whatwg.org/
• Mozilla MDN - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTML5
• W3Schools.org - https://www.w3schools.com/html/

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) - A stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML or XML (including XML dialects such as SVG, MathML or XHTML). CSS describes how elements should be rendered on screen, on paper, in speech or on other media.

CSS is among the core languages of the open web, and is standardized across web browsers according to the W3C specifications.

Source: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS

Helpful Resource Materials:

• W3.org - https://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Overview.en.html
• Mozilla MDN - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS
• W3Schools.org - https://www.w3schools.com/css/

JavaScript - A text-based scripting (programming) language used both on the client side and server side, which makes web pages more interactive. JavaScript is an OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) language. JavaScript is implemented alongside HTML5 (HyperText Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) for full-scale web development with interactive elements.

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Links:

• ECMA-262 Language Specification - https://262.ecma-international.org/
• Mozilla MDN - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript
• W3Schools.org - https://www.w3schools.com/js/

jQuery - jQuery is a fast, small and feature-rich JavaScript Library (accessed via the jQuery API). It simplifies tasks like HTML document traversal and DOM (Document Object Model) manipulation, event handling, animation and AJAX interactions. It is cross-browser compatible, open-source and widley used for simplifying front-end web development.

jQuery allows developers to write less code, while accomplishing more - making JavaScript coding exponentially more efficient.

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Reference Materials:

• Official jQuery API Documentation - https://api.jquery.com/
• Official jQuery Learning Center - https://learn.jquery.com/
• W3Schools.org - https://www.w3schools.com/jquery/default.asp

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) - A web development technique that allows for web pages to update parts of a website without reloading the entire page by exchanging data with a server in the background. Key technologies:

• XMLHttpRequest Object: used to make HTTP requests to the server
• JavaScript: used to handle the data received from the server and update the web page
• HTML/CSS: used for structuring and styling the web page content
• XML or JSON: common data formats used for exchanging information between the client and server

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Reference Materials:

• Official jQuery AJAX Documentation - https://api.jquery.com/category/ajax/
• Mozilla MDN AJAX Guide - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/AJAX
• W3Schools.org - https://www.w3schools.com/xml/ajax_intro.asp

Extensible Markup Language (XML) - lets you define and store data in a shareable manner. XML supports information exchange between computer systems such as websites, datatbases and third-party applications. Predefined rules make it easy to transmit data as XML files over any network, because the recipient can use those rules to read the data accurately and efficiently.

Source: https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/xml/

Helpful Resource Links:

• W3.org Standards Documentation - https://www.w3.org/TR/xml
• Mozilla MDN - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/XML/Guides/XML_introduction
• W3Schools.org - https://www.w3schools.com/xml/default.asp
• Amazon XML Documnetation - https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/xml

Active Server Pages (ASP) - a server-side scripting technology from Microsoft, used to create dynamic and interactive web pages. ASP allows web pages to interact with databases and other programs, offering an alternative to CGI scripts and JavaServer Pages (JSP).

ASP pages contain HTML and embedded programming code (typically VBScript or JScript), that the server executes to generate dynamic content. The purpose of ASP is to allow developers to create web pages that can interact with databases, generate dynamic content, be more interactive. This includes ASP, ASP.NET and ASP.NET CORE.

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Microsoft Official ASP.NET Documentation - https://dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/aspnet/what-is-aspnet
• Microsoft Official ASP.NET Guide - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/overview
• Mozilla MDN - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks
• W3Schools.org - https://www.w3schools.com/asp/default.ASP

Dynamic Server Pages (DSP) - A web page whose content is generated by a server-side script or application, rather than being served as a static file, allowing for dynamic content and user-specific experiences.

DSP pages are generated on the fly by server-side scripting languages such as PHP, ASP or JSP. This means that in response to a user's request a server will return HTML content dynamically generated by these scripting languages, rather than simply serving up a default HTML document.

Common server-side languages used to create DSP pages include PHP, Microsoft ASP, JSP and Python.

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• IBM DSP Documentation (webMethods) - https://docs.webmethods.io/on-premises/webmethods-integration-server/en/11.1.0/webhelp/index.html#page/pie-webhelp%2Fto-about_this_guide_7.html%23

JavaServer Pages (JSP) - a technology that allows developers to create dynamic web content by embedding Java code within HTML or XML pages.

JSP pages contain standard HTML, along with JSP tags and expressions that allow you to embed Java code directly into the HTML structure. JSP pages are compiled into Java Servlets which are then executed by the servlet engine on a server.

JSP promotes a separation of concerns, allowing developers to focus on the presentation layer (HTML) while keeping the business logic and data access in separate Java code. JSP (formerly JavaServer Pages) is now part of the Jakarta EE (formerly known as Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE).

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Oracle JSP Documentation - https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E13222_01/wls/docs81/jsp/intro.html
• TutorialsPoint JSP - https://www.tutorialspoint.com/jsp/jsp_overview.htm

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) - a widely used open-soruce, server-side scripting language primarily used for web development. PHP allows developers to create dynamic web pages and applications. PHP is executed server-side, meaning the results of a PHP script will be sent to the user's browser as standard HTML, CSS and JavaScript (the 'output') and the PHP code itself will be hidden.

PHP code can be embedded directly into HTML, or in a standalone file - making it easy to combine static and dynamic content within a webpage.

PHP qualifies as a general-purpose language, yet it excels in web development as it offers features such as database interaction, form handling and session management.

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Official PHP Documentation - https://www.php.net/
• Microsoft MDN - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/PHP
• W3Schools.org PHP - https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_intro.asp

Structured Query Language (SQL) - a programming language for storing and processing information in a relational datatbase management system (RDBMS). A relational database stores information in tabular form, with rows and columns representing different data attributes and the various relationships between the data values. You can use SQL statements to store, update, remove, search and retrieve items from the datatbase. You can also use SQL to maintain and optimize database performance.

SQL was invented in the 1970s based on the relational data model. It was initially known as the Structured English Query Language (SEQUEL). This term was later shortened to SQL. Oracle, formerly known as Relational Software, became the first vendor to offer a commercial SQL relational database management system.

Source: https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/sql/

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Amazon SQL Documentation- https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/sql/
• IBM SQL Documentation - https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/structured-query-language
• Mozilla MDN SQL Documentation - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/SQL
• SQL Habitat SQL Documentation - https://www.sqlhabit.com/mdn
• W3Schools.org SQL - https://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_intro.asp

Transact-SQL (T-SQL) - a proprietary extension of the SQL language developed by Microsoft, primarily used for managing and manipulating data within Microsoft SQL Server databases. T-SQL offers features like stored procedures, triggers and control statements beyond standard SQL.

T-SQL biulds upon standard (vanilla) SQL with key features such as:

• Procedural Programming
• Stored Procedures
• Triggers
• Cursors
• Enhanced Data Manipulation

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Microsoft Transact-SQL Documentation - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/language-reference?view=sql-server-ver16

Procedural Language/SQL (PL/SQL) - Oracle's procedural extension to SQL, which allows developers to create complex scripts with conditional logic, loops and exception handling thereby enhancing SQL's capabilities for more sophisticated data manipulation and flow control.

PL/SQL key features include:

• Procedural Constructs
• Stored Procedures and Functions
• Triggers
• Data Manipulation

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Oracle PL/SQL Documentation - https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/appdev/plsql.html

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - a standard, secure and automated method for businesses to exchange business documents electronically, such as purchase orders and invoices. EDI creates and follows a standardized format, replacing traditional paper-based processes.

EDI streamlines business processes, reduces errors and saves time and costs associated with manual data entry and paper-based processes. Common documents included purchase orders (EDI 850), Invoices (EDI 810), Advance Ship Notices (856), Payment Confirmation (EDI 820) and more.

EDI can be deployed using the following methods:

• Direct EDI (point-to-point)
• Value-Added Network (VAN)
• Web-Based EDI

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• SPS Commerce EDI Intro - https://www.spscommerce.com/edi-guide
• EDIbasics.com - https://www.edibasics.com/edi-resources/document-standards/
• SPS Commerce EDI Transaction List - https://www.spscommerce.com/resources/edi-documents-transactions/

Python - a versatile high-level general-purpose programming language, known for its readability and ease of use. Widely used in web development, data science and machine learning / AI development.

Python is has the following characteristics:

• Interpreted - Python code is executed line by line via an interpreter
• High-Level - Easy to read and write, with a syntax that resembles natural language
• Object-Oriented - Python supports object oriented programming principles, allowing for modular and reusable code
• Dynamic Typing - Variable types are checked during runtime, not a compile time - this makes development faster
• General Purpose - Python cna be used for a wide array of applications, from web development and scripting to data analysis and machine learning
• Extensive Libraries - Python has a vast collection of libraries and frameworks for various tasks, making it a powerful tool for developers
• Open Source - Python is free to use, distribute and modify which fosters a large and active user-based & community

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Official Python Specifications - https://docs.python.org/3/
• Official Python Tutorial - https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html
• W3Schools.org Python Guide - https://www.w3schools.com/python/

Java - A widely used, object-oriented programming language and software platform. Known for its platform independence, enabling code to run on various devices and operating systems.

Java is has the following characteristics:

• Platform Independence - Java's "write once, run anywhere" (WORA) philosophy means you can write code once, and run it on any device or operating system that supports Java
• Object Oriented - Java is built around the concept of objects and classes, which helps organize and structure code in a modular and reusable way
• Secure - Java has built-in security features to protect against common vulnerabilities
• Reliable - Java is a robust and reliable language, making it suitable for critical applications
• Easy to Learn - Java's syntax is relatively easy to learn and understand

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Java.com Java Overview - https://www.java.com/en/download/help/whatis_java.html
• Amazon.com Java Overview- https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/java/
• Mozilla MDN Java Overview - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Java
• W3Schools.org Tutorial - https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_intro.asp

C# ('C Sharp') - is a modern general purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft. C# is primarily used for building applications on the .NET platform, and for game development with the Unity Game Engine .

Java is has the following characteristics:

• Object Oriented - C# utilizes object oriented programming principles including classes, objects, inheritance and polymorphism
• Type Safe - C# is a strongly typed language, meaning that the type of variarble must be known at compile time which helps with catching coding errors
• Versatile - C# can be used to develop a range of application types, including:
  • Desktop Applications
  • Mobile Applications
  • Game Development
  • Web Development
  • Enterprise Applications
• Cross-Platform - C# can be used to develop applications that run on multiple platforms and operating systems
• Open Source - The .NET framework, which C# is built upon, is open source. This means the code is freely available and can be modified and distributed
• Large Community & Support - C# has a large and active community of developers, providing ample resources and support for learning and development

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Official Microsoft C# Documentation - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/
• Official Microsoft C# Tutorials - https://dotnet.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/csharp
• W3Schools.org Tutorial- https://www.w3schools.com/cs/index.php

Internet Protocols - A set of rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted and received across the itnernet, enabling communication between computers and devices.

There are hundreds protocols to be explored in a variety of subcategories (Network, Internet, Routing, Bluetooth, etc.), including some of the more common ones listed here;

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol -
This is the fundamental protocol suite that forms the basis of the internet. It defines how data is transmitted, routed and received across networks.
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)- This protocol is used for transferring data on the World Wide Web, allowing web browsers to request and retrieve web resources from servers.
• DNS (Domain Name System)- DNS translates human-friendly names into numerical IP addresses, which computers use to communicate.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)- FTP is used for transferring files between computers over the internet.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)- SMTP is used for sending email messages over the internet.
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)- UDP is used to send messages, called datagrams, over a network without needing a direct connection between devices.
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)- ICMP is used by network devices to send error messages and other status information.
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)- DHCP is used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices.
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)- SNMP is used for managing and monitoring network devices.
• SSH (Secure Shell)- SSH is a protocol. used for secure remote login and file transfer.
• IPv4 and IPv6- These are versions of the Internet Protocol that provid addressing and routing for data packets across the internet.

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• Wikipedia Protocols Table - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_network_protocols

Application Program Interface (API) - Mechanisms that enable two software components to communicate with each other using a set of definition and protocols. API's are defined by both their accessibility, and architecture.

API Types by Accessiblity:

• Public / Open APIs - Freely available to anyone for use, often requiring registration or an API key for access.
• Partner APIs - Designed for specific business partners, requiring agreements or contracts for access.
• Private / Internal APIs - Used within a single company to connect internal systems and applications.

API Types by Architecture/Protocol

• REST (RESTful) APIs- Follow the Representational State Transfer architectural style, using HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE and others) for data access.
• Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) APIs- A type of API that uses XML to exchange structured data between applications, following a strict standardized protocol for communication.
• GraphQL APIs- A query language for APIs that allow developers to request specific data from a server.
• JSON-RPC APIs- An API structure that uses JSON format for remote procedure calls.
• XML-RPC APIs- An API structure that uses XML format for remote procedure calls.
• Microservices APIs- APIs that are part of a microservices architecture, each serving a specific purpose
• Composite APIs- Combining multiple API calls into one, streamlining tasks and improving efficiency
• OpenAPI- A popular industry-standard specification for defining APIs
• JWT Authentication- A compact, stateless mechanism for API authentication using JSON Web Tokens
• OAuth- An open standard for delegation of accesse to protected resources, often used for API authentication

Source: Google Generative AI Response

Helpful Resource Materials:

• IBM API Overview - https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/api
• Mozilla MDN API Overview - https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Extensions/Client-side_APIs/Introduction
• Microsoft API Overview - https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/xandr/industry-reference/intro-to-apis
• Amazon API Overview - https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/api/
• MuleSoft API Overview - https://www.mulesoft.com/api/what-is-an-api
• W3Schools.org Web API Tutorial - https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_api_intro.asp